The Central Dogma
a. what Is The Central Dogma?
Most genes make functional molecules called proteins. The journey from gene to protein is complex, it consists of 2 steps: transcription and translation. together they are known as gene expression.
In the process of transcription, the information inside a gene's DNA is moved to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. Both DNA and RNA have nucleotide bases but slightly different chemical properties. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein. Also It carries the information from the DNA to the cytoplasm.
Translation takes place in the cytoplasm. the mRNA interacts with a ribosome which ''reads'' the sequence of mRNA bases. A codon, codes for one particular amino acid. A RNA called transfer RNA (+RNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. It continues until the ribosome encounters a ''stop'' codon. This is called the Central Dogma.
In the process of transcription, the information inside a gene's DNA is moved to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. Both DNA and RNA have nucleotide bases but slightly different chemical properties. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein. Also It carries the information from the DNA to the cytoplasm.
Translation takes place in the cytoplasm. the mRNA interacts with a ribosome which ''reads'' the sequence of mRNA bases. A codon, codes for one particular amino acid. A RNA called transfer RNA (+RNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. It continues until the ribosome encounters a ''stop'' codon. This is called the Central Dogma.
b. What is DNA?DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. DNA is located in the cell nucleus. DNA encodes a detailed set of plans for building different parts of a cell. The DNA molecule comes in the form of a twisted ladder shape scientists call a ''double helix''. The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs.
D. Transcription and TranslationThe human genome contains more than 25,000 genes. The DNA that makes up the human genome can be subdivided into information bytes called genes. Cells use the two-step process of transcription and translation to read each gene and produce the string of amino acids that makes up a protein. The basic rules for translating a gene into a protein are laid out in the Universal Genetic Code.
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c. What is a Gene?Genes are instruction manuals for our bodies they are the directions for building all their proteins that make our body to function. Genes are made of DNA.
Example: blood contains red blood cells that transport oxygen around our bodies, the cells use a protein called ''hemoglobin'' to capture and carry the oxygen. If our hemoglobin gene is normal, the hemoglobin protein works fine. But if the instructions in that gene are changed or mutated changes in the hemoglobin protein could result one such mutation causes a disorder called sickle anemia. Genes contain instruction for building proteins, which are involved in all sorts of things. e. What is a Protein?Proteins are that make all living things function. Every cell contain thousands of different proteins.
Nerve networks are responsible for the sensation of pain, our nerve networks transmit the pain signal. The receiving end of each cell in the line contains proteins on its surface called ''receptor'' proteins. The receptor proteins are responsable for picking up the signal and passing it along the next cell. Each gene in the DNA encodes information about how to make an individual protein. When a cell needs to make a certain protein, specialized machinery within the cells nucleus reads the gene and then uses that information to produce a molecular message in the form of RNA, a molecule similar to DNA. Once made the protein travels to the part of the cell where it is needed and begins to work. |
f. An Example of Gene Expression
Why do fireflies glow?
There are different reasons why fireflies glow one of them is to communicate. Each firefly species has its own particular pattern.] Another reason that fireflies glow is to avoid predators. Having lucibufagens is so important for survival that one species of firefly that can't make this chemical acquires it by eating other species that can make it. They do this by mimicking the flash pattern of another species and luring them in close. The unsuspecting male firefly thinks he is going to find a mate, but instead becomes a tasty treat to the tricky firefly.